NEET 2014
Browse the complete Botany, Chemistry, Physics, and Zoology question set from the NEET 2014 paper, question by question. Each question shows a quick preview so you can jump straight to the topic or subject you want to revise. Click through to attempt the full question in practice mode, or head back to the paper-wise list to download the entire paper as a PDF.
This paper has 180 questions in total - 115 easy (64%), 48 moderate (27%) and 17 tough (9%). That's an easier-than-usual mix for this exam - aim to clear it quickly and save time for the harder papers. By subject: Physics 47% easy, 38% moderate, 16% tough; Chemistry 47% easy, 31% moderate, 22% tough; Zoology 74% easy, 26% moderate, 0% tough; Botany 86% easy, 14% moderate, 0% tough.
Botany questions were spread across 15 chapters, with Biological Classification (7), Morphology of Flowering Plants (6), and Biodiversity and its Conservation (5) carrying the most weight. Chemistry questions were spread across 26 chapters, with Structure of Atom (4), Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (3), and General Organic Chemistry (3) carrying the most weight. Physics questions were spread across 27 chapters, with Current Electricity (4), Waves and Sound (3), and Center of Mass Momentum and Collision (2) carrying the most weight. Zoology questions were spread across 19 chapters, with Biotechnology - Principles and Processes (3), Evolution (3), and Human Reproduction (3) carrying the most weight.
Botany
- 1Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on:2014Introduction
- 2Which one of the following fungi contains hallucinogens?2014Kingdom Fungi
- 3Archaebacteria differs from eubacteria in:2014Kingdom Monera
- 4Anoxygenic photosynthesis is characteristic of:2014Kingdom Monera
- 5Which of the following shows coiled RNA strand and capsomeres?2014Viruses
- 6Viruses have2014Viruses
- 7A location with luxuriant growth of lichens on the trees indicates that the:2014Kingdom Fungi
- 8Which one of the following shows isogamy with non-flagellated gametes?2014Algae: Thallophytes
- 9Which one of the following is wrong about Chara ?2014Algae: Thallophytes
- 10Which of the following is responsible for peat formation?2014Bryophytes
- 11Male gametophyte with the least number of cells is present in:2014Pteridophytes
- 12An alga which can be employed as food for human beings:2014Algae: Thallophytes
- 13Select the taxon that represents both marine and freshwater species.2014Coelenterata or Cnideria
- 14Which one of the following living organisms completely lacks a cell wall?2014Coelenterata or Cnideria
- 15Planaria possess high capacity of:2014Phylum Platyhelminthes
- 16A marine cartilaginous fish that can produce electric current is:2014Euchordata
- 17Placenta and pericarp are both edible portions in:2014The Fruit
- 18When the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another without any particular direction, the condition is termed as:2014The Flower
- 19Which one of the following statements is correct?2014The Fruit
- 20An example of edible underground stem is:2014The Stem
- 21An aggregate fruit is one which developed from2014The Fruit
- 22Non-albuminous seed is produced in:2014The Seed
- 23An old piece of dicot stem and a dicot root is given to a candidate during practical examination. Which of the following anatomical structur2014Secondary Growth
- 24Tracheids differ from the tracheary elements in:2014Permanent Tissues
- 25During which phase(s) of cell cycle, amount of DNA in a cell remains at 4 C level if the initial amount is denoted as 2C?2014M-phase (Mitotic Phase)
- 26In the S phase of the cell cycle:2014M-phase (Mitotic Phase)
- 27The enzyme recombinase is required at which stage of meiosis:2014Meiosis
- 28Which one of the following is a non-reducing carbohydrate?2014Carbohydrates
- 29Which structures perform the function of mitochondria in bacteria?2014Cell Organelles
- 30The solid linear cytoskeletal elements having a diameter of 7 nm and made up of a single type of monomer are known as:2014Cell Organelles
- 31The osmotic expansion of a cell kept in water is chiefly regulated by:2014Cell Organelles
- 32Match the following and select the correct answer: Column I Column II (a) Centriole (p) Infoldings in mitochondria (b) Chlorophyll (q) Thyla2014Cell Organelles
- 33The motile bacteria are able to move by:2014Cell Organelles
- 34Dr F. Went noted that if coleoptile tips were removed and placed on agar for one hour, the agar would produce a bending when placed on one s2014Plant Growth Regulators
- 35A few normal seedlings of tomato were kept in a dark room. After a few days, they were found to have become white-colored like albinos, Whic2014Seed Germination
- 36Which one of the following growth regulators is known as stress hormone?2014Plant Growth Regulators
- 37In which one of the following processes CO 2 is not released?2014Fermentation
- 38Select the option which is not correct with respect to enzyme action:2014Cellular Respiration
- 39Deficiency symptoms of nitrogen and potassium are visible first in:2014Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
- 40Geitonogamy involves2014Sexual Reproduction
- 41Pollen tablets are available in the market for:2014Sexual Reproduction
- 42Function of filiform apparatus is to:2014Sexual Reproduction
- 43The zone of atmosphere in which the ozone layer is:2014Pollution
- 44A scrubber in the exhaust of a chemical industrial plant removes:2014Pollution
- 45An example of ex situ conservation is :2014Conservation of Biodiversity
- 46A species facing extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future is called:2014Biodiversity Conservation in India
- 47The difference between the Red List and Red Data Book is2014Biodiversity Conservation in India
- 48India constitutes _____ percent of the world s land area and contributes _____ percent of the global species diversity.2014Patterns of Biodiversity
- 49Given below is the representation of the extent of the global diversity of invertebrates. What groups the four portions (A-D) represent resp2014Patterns of Biodiversity
- 50Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem with four blanks (A-D). Identify the blanks.2014Cycles Operating
- 51If 20J of energy is trapped at producer level, then how much energy will be available to peacock as food in the following chain? plant mice 2014Functions of Ecosystem
Chemistry
- 1When 22.4 litres of H 2 g is mixed with 11.2 litres of C l 2 g , each at STP, the moles of H C l g formed is equal to2014Quantitative measures in chemical equations
- 21.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g O 2 in a closed vessel. Which reaction is left in excess and how much? (At, wt. M g = 24 ; O = 16 )2014Quantitative measures in chemical equations
- 3What is the maximum number of orbitals that can be identified with the following quantum number n = 3 , l = 1 , m = 0 ?2014Quantum mechanical model
- 4Calculate the energy in corresponding to light of wavelength 45 n m : (Planck s constant h = 6.63 10 - 34 J s : s p e e d o f l i g h t c = 2014Dual Behaviour of Matter and Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- 5B e 2 + is isoelectronic with which of the following ions?2014Atomic Mass and Atomic Size
- 6Magnetic moment 2 . 83 BM is given by which of the following ions? (At.nos. T i = 22 , C r = 24 , M n = 25 , N i = 28 )2014Quantum mechanical model
- 7Which of the following orders of ionic radii is correctly represented?2014Periodic properties
- 8Which of the following molecules has the maximum dipole moment?2014Dipole moment
- 9Which one the following species has plane triangular shape?2014Hybridisation and VSEPR Theory
- 10Which of the following organic compounds has same hybridization as its combustion product - C O 2 ?2014Hybridisation and VSEPR Theory
- 11Equal masses of H 2 , O 2 and methane have been taken in a container of volume V at temperature 27 o C in identical conditions. The ratio of2014Gas laws and Ideal Gas Equation
- 12Using the Gibbs change, G o = + 63.3 k J , for the following reaction, A g 2 C O 3 g 2 A g + a q + C O 3 2 - a q the K s p of A g 2 C O 3 s 2014Third law of thermodynamics
- 13For the reaction: X 2 O 4 l 2 X O 2 g U = 2 .1 k cal , S = 20 cal K - 1 at 300 K Hence, G is:2014Third law of thermodynamics
- 14For the reversible reaction: N 2 g + 3 H 2 g 2 N H 3 g + h e a t The equilibrium shifts in forward direction:2014Law of Mass Action, Equilibrium Constant (Kc and Kp) and its Application
- 15For a given exothermic reaction K p and K p are the equilibrium constants at temperatures T 1 and T 2 respectively (T 2 . T 1 ). Assuming th2014Le chatelier's principle
- 16Which of the following salts will give highest p H in water?2014PH of solutions
- 17The pair of compounds that can exist together is:2014Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- 18Which of the following will be most stable diazonium salt R N 2 + X - ?2014Conjugation and Aromaticity
- 19In the Kjedahl s method for estimation of nitrogen present in soil sample, ammonia evolved from 0.75 g of sample neutralized 1 0 m l of 1 M 2014Quantitative analysis of organic compounds
- 20Which of the following compounds will undergo racemisation when solution of K O H hydrolyses? (i) (ii) C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C l (iii) (iv)2014Isomerism of Organic Compounds
- 21Identify Z in the sequence of reactions:2014Reactions of alkenes
- 22Which one of the following is not a common component of Photochemical Smog?2014Air Pollution
- 23If a the length of the side of a cube, the distance between the body centered atom one corner atom in the cube will be2014Crystal Structure of Solids
- 24Of the following 0.10 m aqueous solutions, which one will exhibit the largest freezing point depression?2014Colligative Properties and Abnormal Molecular Masses
- 25When 0.1 m o l M n O 4 2 - is oxidized the quantity of electricity required to completely M n O 4 2 - to M n O 4 - is2014Cells and Electrode Potential, Nernst Equation
- 26The weight of silver (at.wt. = 108 ) displaced by a quantity of electricity which displaces 5600 m L of O 2 at STP will be2014Cells and Electrode Potential, Nernst Equation
- 27Which property of colloids is not dependent on the charge on colloidal particles?2014Properties of colloidal solution
- 28Which of the following statements is correct for the spontaneous adsorption of a gas?2014Adsorption
- 29Acidity of diprotic acids in aqueous solutions increases in the order:2014Sulphur and Its Compounds
- 30a H 2 O 2 + O 3 H 2 O + 2 O 2 b H 2 O 2 + A g 2 O 2 A g + H 2 O + O 2 Role of hydrogen peroxide in the above reactions is respectively:2014Oxygen and Its Compounds
- 31In acidic medium, H 2 O 2 changes C r 2 O 7 - 2 to C r O 5 which has two - O - O - bonds Oxidation state of C r in C r O 5 is:2014Compounds of Transition Metals
- 32The reaction of aqueous K M n O 4 with H 2 O 2 in acidic conditions gives:2014Compounds of Transition Metals
- 33Reason of lanthanoid contraction is:2014F-Block elements
- 34Among the following complexes the one which shows Zero crystal field stabilizations energy (CFSE)2014Crystal Field Theory
- 35Which of the following complexes is used as an anticancer agent?2014Terminology of coordination compounds
- 36Which product is formed when the following compound is treated with B r 2 in the presence of F e B r 3 ?2014Preparation and Properties of Aryl Halides
- 37Among the following sets of reactions, which one produces anisole?2014Preparation of Ethers
- 38Which of the following will not be soluble in sodium hydrogen carbonate?2014Properties of Phenol
- 39Which one is most reactive towards Nucleophilic addition reaction?2014Chemical reactions for aldehydes and ketones
- 40In the following reaction, the product ( A )2014Preparation and Properties of Amines
- 41Which one of the following is an example of a thermosetting polymer?2014Classification of Polymers
- 42Which of the following organic compounds polymerizes to form the polyester Dacron?2014Preparation and Properties of Polymers
- 43Artificial sweetener which is stable under cold conditions only is:2014Artificial Sweetning Agents and Food Preservatives
- 44Which of the following hormones is produced under the condition of stress which stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver of human being?2014Drugs and It's Classification
- 45D ( + ) glucose reacts with hydroxyl amine and yield an oxime. The structure of the oxime would be:2014Preparation and Reactions of Glucose
Physics
- 1If force F , velocity V and time T are taken as fundamental units, the dimensions of mass are2014Dimensions
- 2A particle is moving such that its position coordinates x , y are 2 m , 3 m at time t = 0 , 6 m , 7 m at time t = 2 s and 13 m , 14 m at tim2014Uniform Motion
- 3A projectile is fired from the surface of the earth with a velocity of 5 m s - 1 and angle with the horizontal. Another projectile fired fro2014Projectile motion
- 4A system consists of three masses m 1 , m 2 and m 3 connected by a string passing over a pulley P . The mass m 3 hangs freely and m 2 and m 2014Frictional force
- 5A balloon with mass m is descending down with an acceleration a (where a g ) . How much mass should be removed from it so that it starts mov2014Newton's laws of motion
- 6The force F acting on a particle of mass m is indicated by the force-time graph shown below. The change in momentum of the particle over the2014momentum
- 7A body of mass 4 m is lying in x - y plane at rest. It suddenly explodes into three pieces. Two pieces, each of mass m move perpendicular to2014momentum
- 8A solid cylinder of mass 50 k g and radius 0.5 m is free to rotate about horizontal axis. A massless string is wound round the cylinder with2014Torque
- 9The ratio of the acceleration for a solid sphere (mass m and radius R ) rolling down an incline of angle without slipping and slipping down 2014Rolling without Slipping
- 10A black hole is an object whose gravitational field is so strong that even light cannot escape from it. To what approximate radius would ear2014Gravitational potential and Potential Energy
- 11Dependence of intensity of gravitational field E of earth with distance r from centre of earth is correctly represented by:2014Gravitational field
- 12Copper of fixed volume V is drawn into wire of length l . When this wire is subjected to a constant force F , the extension produced in the 2014Young's Modulus and Breaking Stres
- 13A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius r coalesce to form a single drop of radius R and volume V . If T is the surface te2014Surface tension
- 14Steam at 100 o C is passed into 20 g of water at 10 o C . When water acquires a temperature of 80 o C , the mass of water present will be: [2014Calorimetry
- 15Certain quantity of water cools from 70 o C to 60 o C in the first 5 minutes and to 54 o C in the next 5 minutes. The temperature of the sur2014Radiation
- 16A monoatomic gas at a pressure P , having a volume V expands isothermally to a volume 2 V and then adiabatically to a volume 16 V . The fina2014Thermodynamic Processes
- 17A thermodynamics system undergoes cyclic process A B C D A as shown in Figure. The work done by the system in the cycle is:2014Thermodynamic Processes
- 18The mean free path of molecules of a gas (radius r ) is inversely proportional to:2014Pressure and Energy of gas
- 19The oscillation of a body on a smooth horizontal surface is represented by the equation, X = A cos t , where X = displacement at time t , = 2014Simple Harmonic Motion
- 20If n 1 , n 2 and n 3 are the fundamental frequencies of three segments into which a string is divided, then the original fundamental frequen2014Travelling Waves
- 21The number of possible natural oscillations of air column in a pipe closed at one end of length 85 c m whose frequencies lies below 1250 H z2014Organ Pipe (Vibration of Air Column)
- 22A speeding motorcyclist sees traffic jam ahead of him. He slows down to 36 k m / h o u r . He finds that traffic has eased and a car moving 2014Doppler's Effect
- 23A conducting sphere of radius R is given a charge Q . The electric potential and the electric field at the center of the sphere respectively2014Electric Field and Electric Field Lines
- 24In a region the potential is represented by V x , y , z = 6 x - 8 x y - 8 y + 6 y z , where V is in volts and x , y , z , are in meters. The2014Electric Potential and Potential Energy
- 25Two thin dielectric slabs of dielectric constants K 1 and K 2 K 1 K 2 are inserted between plates of a parallel plate capacitor, as shown in2014Capacitors with Dielectric
- 26Two cities are 150 k m apart. Electric power is sent from one city to another city through copper wires. The fall of potential per k m is 8 2014Electric Power and Heating Effect of Current
- 27The resistance in the two arms of the meter bridge are 5 and R , respectively. When the resistance R is shunted with an equal resistance, th2014Electric Instruments
- 28A potentiometer circuit has been set up for finding the internal resistance of a given cell. The main battery, used across the potentiometer2014Electric Instruments
- 29In an ammeter 0.2 % of main current passes through the galvanometer. If resistance of galvanometer is G , the resistance of ammeter will be:2014Electric Instruments
- 30Following figures show the arrangement of bar magnets in different configurations. Each magnet has magnetic dipole m . Which configuration h2014Magnetic Dipole
- 31Two identical long conducting wires A O B and C O D are placed at right angle to each other, with one above other such that O is their commo2014Magnetic Field
- 32A thin semicircular conducting ring P Q R of radius r is falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic field B , as shown in figu2014Motional and Rotational EMF
- 33A transformer having efficiency of 90 % is working on 200 V and 3 k W power supply. If the current in the secondary coil is 6 A the voltage 2014Transformers
- 34Light with an energy flux of 25 10 4 W m - 2 falls on a perfectly reflecting surface at normal incidence. If the surface area is 15 c m 2 , 2014Electromagnetic Waves and Maxwell's equations
- 35It the focal length of objective lens is increased then magnifying power of:2014Optical Instruments
- 36The angle of a prism is A . One of its refracting surfaces is silvered. Light rays falling at an angle of incidence 2 A on the first surface2014Prism and Dispersion of Light
- 37A beam of light of = 600 n m from a distant source falls on a single slit 1 m m wide and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a 2014Youngs Double Slit Experiment
- 38In the Young s double slit experiment the intensity of light at a point on the screen where the path difference is is K , ( being the wave l2014Youngs Double Slit Experiment
- 39Hydrogen atom in ground state is excited by a monochromatic radiation of = 975 . Number of spectral lines in the resulting spectrum emitted 2014Atomic Spectrum
- 40The Binding energy per nucleon of L i 3 7 and H e 2 4 nucleon are 5.60 M e V and 7.06 M eV , respectively. In the nuclear reaction 3 7 L i +2014Nuclear energy
- 41A radio isotope X with a half life 1.4 10 9 years decays to Y which is stable. A sample of the rock from a cave was found to contain X and Y2014Radioactivity
- 42The given graph represents V - I characteristic for a semiconductor device. Which of the following statement is correct?2014Special purpose diodes
- 43The barrier potential of a p-n junction depends on: a type of semi-conductor material b amount of doping c temperature Which one of the foll2014Diodes
- 44When the energy of the incident radiation is increased by 20 % , the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface incre2014Photoelectric Effect
- 45If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased to 16 times its previous value, the percentage change in the de-Broglie wavelength of the2014Matter Waves
Zoology
- 1Choose the correctly matched pair:2014Connective Tissue
- 2Choose the correctly matched pair:2014Epithelial Tissue
- 3Identify the hormone with its correct matching of source and function.2014Pineal Body
- 4Fight-or-flight reaction cause activation of:2014Adrenal Gland
- 5The initial step in the digestion of milk in human is carried out by?2014Stomach
- 6Fructose is absorbed into the blood through mucosa cells of intestine by the process called ----------------------.2014Absorption of Digestied Food
- 7Person with blood group AB is considered as universal recipient because he has:2014Blood Group
- 8How do parasympathetic neural signals affect the working of the heart?2014Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- 9Stimulation of a muscle fiber by a motor neuron occurs at:2014The Synapse
- 10Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt2014Structure of Human Brain
- 11Which one of the following statements is not correct?2014Sensory Organ
- 12Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?2014Mammalian Urinary System
- 13Approximately seventy percent of carbon-dioxide absorbed by the blood will be transported to the lungs:2014Human Respiratory System
- 14Select the correct matching of the types of the joint with the example in the human skeletal system.2014Locomotion
- 15Tubectomy is method of sterilization in which:2014Population Explosion and Birth Control
- 16Which of the following is a hormone-releasing intra-uterine device (IUD)?2014Population Explosion and Birth Control
- 17Assisted reproductive technology, IVF involves the transfer of:2014Infertility
- 18The shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary system in the human male is:2014Male Reproductive System
- 19The main function of mammalian corpus luteum is to produce:2014Female Reproductive System
- 20Select the correct option describing gonadotropin activity in a normal pregnant female:2014Female Reproductive System
- 21Which one of the following is wrongly matched?2014Transcription
- 22Select the correct option:2014Transcription
- 23Fruit color in squash is an example of:2014Genetic Disorders
- 24A man whose father was colour blind marries a woman who had a colour blind mother and normal father. What percentage of male children of thi2014Genetic Disorders
- 25A human female with Turner s syndrome2014Genetic Disorders
- 26In a population of 1000 individuals 360 belong to genotype AA, 480 to Aa, and the remaining 160 to aa, Based on this data, the frequency of 2014Modern Theory of Evolution
- 27The ________ theory attempts to explain to us the origin of the universe.2014Origin of Universe and Life
- 28Which one of the following are analogous structures?2014Evidences of Evolution
- 29Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plants whose one flowering branch is shown below?2014Drug Abuse
- 30At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?2014Aids
- 31What gases are produced in anaerobic sludge digesters?2014Sewage Treatment
- 32In vitro clonal propagation in plants is characterized by:2014Plant Breeding
- 33To obtain virus - free healthy plants from a diseased one by tissue culture technique, which part/parts of the diseased plant will be taken?2014Plant Breeding
- 34The first human hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology is:2014Application in Medicine
- 35An analysis of chromosomal DNA using the Southern hybrization technique does not use:2014Application in Medicine
- 36Examine the diagram and identify the correction option.2014Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- 37Which vector can clone only a small fragment of DNA?2014Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- 38Commonly used vectors for human genome sequencing are:2014Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- 39Match the following and select the correct option: (a) Earthworm (p) Pioneer species (b) Succession (q) Detrivore (c) Ecosystem service (r) 2014Populations
Frequently Asked Questions
1.How many questions are in the NEET 2014 paper?
This paper has 180 questions in total - 51 from Botany, 45 from Chemistry, 45 from Physics, and 39 from Zoology.
2.Can I practise questions from just one subject?
Yes. Use the Botany, Chemistry, Physics, and Zoology tabs at the top of the page to jump directly to that subject's question set within this paper.
3.How is the NEET 2014 paper structured?
The NEET 2014 paper on MARKS has 180 questions, organised by subject:
- Botany: 51 questions - 51 single-correct.
- Chemistry: 45 questions - 45 single-correct.
- Physics: 45 questions - 45 single-correct.
- Zoology: 39 questions - 39 single-correct.
4.How difficult is the NEET 2014 paper?
Each question on MARKS carries a difficulty rating. Of the 180 rated questions in this paper, 115 (64%) are easy, 48 (27%) are medium and 17 (9%) are hard. Subject wise:
- Botany: 44 easy, 7 medium, 0 hard
- Chemistry: 21 easy, 14 medium, 10 hard
- Physics: 21 easy, 17 medium, 7 hard
- Zoology: 29 easy, 10 medium, 0 hard
5.Which chapters were asked the most in the NEET 2014 paper?
The chapters with the most questions in each subject were:
- Botany: Biological Classification (7), Morphology of Flowering Plants (6), and Biodiversity and its Conservation (5).
- Chemistry: Structure of Atom (4), Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (3), and d and f Block Elements (3).
- Physics: Current Electricity (4), Waves and Sound (3), and Center of Mass Momentum and Collision (2).
- Zoology: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes (3), Evolution (3), and Human Reproduction (3).
6.Are there any out-of-syllabus questions in the NEET 2014 paper?
Yes. 30 of the 180 questions in this paper are marked on MARKS as outside the current syllabus. You can still practise them for the concept, but they are a lower priority if you are short on time.
7.Where can I find the solutions for the NEET 2014 paper?
Open any question on this page. Its page shows the correct answer and, where one is available, the worked solution. A downloadable PDF of the whole paper is coming soon.
8.How should I use the NEET 2014 paper to check my preparation?
Set a timer, attempt the 180 questions as you would in the exam, and only then open the answers. Note which subjects and chapters cost you the most marks, and revise those first using the chapter-wise practice for NEET. Repeating this with other papers shows whether the same weak spots keep coming back.
9.Will the NEET 2014 paper help me prepare for NEET 2027?
Yes. Every past paper shows the question styles and topics NEET has asked before, and a solved paper gives you a realistic benchmark for speed and accuracy. Use it along with the other papers to spot the chapters that keep returning.