Why do alcohols and carboxylic acids have higher boiling points as compared to aldehydes?

Alcohols (R-OH) and carboxylic acids (R-COOH) possess a hydrogen atom directly bonded to a highly electronegative oxygen atom. This structural feature allows them to form strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between their molecules. Aldehydes (R-CHO), while polar, lack this O-H bond and can only form weaker dipole-dipole interactions with each other. Because intermolecular hydrogen bonds are significantly stronger than dipole-dipole interactions, much more energy (a higher temperature) is required to overcome these forces and separate the molecules into the gas phase. Consequently, alcohols and carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than aldehydes of comparable molecular mass. The correct option is (3).