Q77 / 79 · NEST (NISER) 2026 · Physics
The critical electric field required to produce electron-positron pairs depends on the physical constants $h$, $c$, $m_e$ and $e$. Use dimensional analysis and assume that the dimensionless coefficient is of order one. The magnitude of the critical electric field, in SI units, is of the order
- A$10^{15}$
- Correct answerB$10^{18}$
- C$10^{24}$
- D$10^{21}$
Solution
Let the critical electric field be expressed as $E = h^\alpha c^\beta m_e^\gamma e^\delta$.
The dimensional formulas for the given quantities are:
$[E] = M L T^{-3} A^{-1}$
$[h] = M L^2 T^{-1}$
$[c] = L T^{-1}$
$[m_e] = M$
$[e] = A T$
Substituting these dimensions into the assumed relation:
$M L T^{-3} A^{-1} = (M L^2 T^{-1})^\alpha (L T^{-1})^\beta M^\gamma (A T)^\delta$
$M L T^{-3} A^{-1} = M^{\alpha+\gamma} L^{2\alpha+\beta} T^{-\alpha-\beta+\delta} A^\delta$
Equating the powers of the fundamental dimensions on both sides:
For $A$: $\delta = -1$
For $M$: $\alpha + \gamma = 1$
For $L$: $2\alpha + \beta = 1$
For $T$: $-\alpha - \beta + \delta = -3 \Rightarrow -\alpha - \beta - 1 = -3 \Rightarrow \alpha + \beta = 2$
Solving the system of equations:
Subtracting $\alpha + \beta = 2$ from $2\alpha + \beta = 1$, we get $\alpha = -1$.
Substituting $\alpha = -1$ into $\alpha + \beta = 2$, we get $\beta = 3$.
Substituting $\alpha = -1$ into $\alpha + \gamma = 1$, we get $\gamma = 2$.
Thus, the expression for the critical electric field is:
$E = \dfrac{m_e^2 c^3}{e h}$
Substituting the standard SI values of the constants:
$m_e \approx 9.1 \times 10^{-31}$ kg
$c \approx 3 \times 10^8$ m/s
$e \approx 1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C
$h \approx 6.63 \times 10^{-34}$ J s
$E \approx \dfrac{(9.1 \times 10^{-31})^2 \times (3 \times 10^8)^3}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 6.63 \times 10^{-34}}$
$E \approx \dfrac{82.81 \times 10^{-62} \times 27 \times 10^{24}}{10.6 \times 10^{-53}}$
$E \approx \dfrac{2236 \times 10^{-38}}{10.6 \times 10^{-53}} \approx 211 \times 10^{15} \approx 2.1 \times 10^{17}$ V/m
If we use the reduced Planck constant $\hbar = \dfrac{h}{2\pi} \approx 1.05 \times 10^{-34}$ J s (which is standard for the Schwinger limit in quantum electrodynamics):
$E = \dfrac{m_e^2 c^3}{e \hbar} \approx \dfrac{2236 \times 10^{-38}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 1.05 \times 10^{-34}} \approx 1.3 \times 10^{18}$ V/m
In either case, the magnitude of the critical electric field is of the order of $10^{18}$ V/m.
Answer: $10^{18}$
The dimensional formulas for the given quantities are:
$[E] = M L T^{-3} A^{-1}$
$[h] = M L^2 T^{-1}$
$[c] = L T^{-1}$
$[m_e] = M$
$[e] = A T$
Substituting these dimensions into the assumed relation:
$M L T^{-3} A^{-1} = (M L^2 T^{-1})^\alpha (L T^{-1})^\beta M^\gamma (A T)^\delta$
$M L T^{-3} A^{-1} = M^{\alpha+\gamma} L^{2\alpha+\beta} T^{-\alpha-\beta+\delta} A^\delta$
Equating the powers of the fundamental dimensions on both sides:
For $A$: $\delta = -1$
For $M$: $\alpha + \gamma = 1$
For $L$: $2\alpha + \beta = 1$
For $T$: $-\alpha - \beta + \delta = -3 \Rightarrow -\alpha - \beta - 1 = -3 \Rightarrow \alpha + \beta = 2$
Solving the system of equations:
Subtracting $\alpha + \beta = 2$ from $2\alpha + \beta = 1$, we get $\alpha = -1$.
Substituting $\alpha = -1$ into $\alpha + \beta = 2$, we get $\beta = 3$.
Substituting $\alpha = -1$ into $\alpha + \gamma = 1$, we get $\gamma = 2$.
Thus, the expression for the critical electric field is:
$E = \dfrac{m_e^2 c^3}{e h}$
Substituting the standard SI values of the constants:
$m_e \approx 9.1 \times 10^{-31}$ kg
$c \approx 3 \times 10^8$ m/s
$e \approx 1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C
$h \approx 6.63 \times 10^{-34}$ J s
$E \approx \dfrac{(9.1 \times 10^{-31})^2 \times (3 \times 10^8)^3}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 6.63 \times 10^{-34}}$
$E \approx \dfrac{82.81 \times 10^{-62} \times 27 \times 10^{24}}{10.6 \times 10^{-53}}$
$E \approx \dfrac{2236 \times 10^{-38}}{10.6 \times 10^{-53}} \approx 211 \times 10^{15} \approx 2.1 \times 10^{17}$ V/m
If we use the reduced Planck constant $\hbar = \dfrac{h}{2\pi} \approx 1.05 \times 10^{-34}$ J s (which is standard for the Schwinger limit in quantum electrodynamics):
$E = \dfrac{m_e^2 c^3}{e \hbar} \approx \dfrac{2236 \times 10^{-38}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 1.05 \times 10^{-34}} \approx 1.3 \times 10^{18}$ V/m
In either case, the magnitude of the critical electric field is of the order of $10^{18}$ V/m.
Answer: $10^{18}$
Hence, the correct answer is option: 'B'.